Study Links Microplastics to Increased Risk of Multiple Sclerosis
A recent study from Uppsala University in Sweden has revealed a connection between microplastics and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). This study, published in Environmental International, suggests that exposure to specific environmental pollutants, namely PFAS and PCBs, might elevate the risk of developing MS.
PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, often referred to as “forever chemicals,” are found in various household items, including non-stick cookware, textiles, and cleaning supplies. Additionally, PFAS have been detected in drinking water across the United States, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, were widely used in electrical equipment until they were banned decades ago due to their toxic nature, as noted by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
The research examined blood samples from 1,800 individuals in Sweden, including around 900 newly diagnosed MS patients. The first phase assessed 14 different types of PFAS and three byproducts of PCBs in relation to MS diagnosis.
Lead researcher Kim Kultima commented on the findings: “Several substances, like PFOS and two forms of hydroxylated PCBs, showed an increased likelihood of MS. Those with higher levels of these chemicals experienced about double the risk of obtaining an MS diagnosis compared to those with lower levels.”
Furthermore, the study explored the combined impact of these pollutants, revealing that their mixture also correlated with a heightened risk of MS.
Co-researcher Aina Vaivade emphasized the need to account for chemical combinations in risk assessments, as people are typically exposed to multiple substances concurrently.
The last phase of the research investigated the interplay between genetic factors and chemical exposure in relation to MS risk. It demonstrated that individuals with a certain gene variant may have a lower risk of MS, but those with this genetic variant combined with higher PFOS exposure faced an unexpectedly increased risk of the disease.
Kultima remarked, “These interactions between genetic factors and environmental exposures are crucial to understanding the development of MS and may have implications for other diseases as well.”
Experts in the field, including Dr. Marc Siegel, a senior medical analyst, reiterated the complexity of MS. He noted that while environmental triggers may contribute to the disease’s onset, establishing a direct cause-and-effect relationship remains challenging. Other factors, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, are also known to increase MS risk.
Dr. Richard Ransohoff highlighted the potential dangers of the studied chemicals, stating that they are endocrine disruptors, which may adversely impact immune health and raise the risk of MS.
Limitations of the Study
The researchers acknowledged some limitations in their study, including the fact that chemical exposure was assessed only once at the time of blood sampling. This may not accurately reflect long-term exposure levels relevant to MS development. Ransohoff noted that, typically, MS is diagnosed in individuals around 40, complicating efforts to draw stronger conclusions.
To strengthen findings, Ransohoff suggested a rigorous long-term study involving people at risk for MS due to family history, tracking their exposure to PCBs and PFAS over the years.
To reduce MS risk, experts stress avoiding tobacco use and minimizing exposure to harmful chemicals.
In April 2024, the EPA implemented a new federal rule limiting certain PFAS in drinking water, aimed at decreasing public exposure.
MS leads to the breakdown of protective coverings on nerve fibers, potentially causing various neurological symptoms, including numbness, weakness, and difficulties with movement. While no cure exists, treatment options can help manage symptoms effectively.
